America and World War II Essay - 1103 Words

Was World War II a Good War For America? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the most important wars ever fought was World War II. In the midst, the Nazis were in control of most of Europe, the Soviet Union was causing more deaths than any other country, and Japan had taken over parts of China. The United States of America was stuck in the middle of all this. They had to deal with the Nazis and deciding when to join the war, meanwhile, Japan was breathing down their necks with attacks. What was America to do? What would happen to America, and would this be a â€Å"good war† for them? I believe World War II was a â€Å"good war† for America because it made them a higher power like they are today.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;†¦show more content†¦The US had an embargo against Japan because of their territorial advances threatening US territories in South-East Asia. The Japanese were bound to attack the US and the US knew it, but still did not attack or declare war on Japan until Japan had attacked the US. This shows that the proper chance to avoid war with Japan was given, and that the declaration of war against Japan was necessary. Germany was known to be in alliance with Japan, and was at war with our allies. Germany was also sinking American ships in the Atlantic. This justifies the United States in its decision to declare war on Germany. America could see the positive effects this war could have on them at that point. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The war effected every part of American life. Economically, the nation was lifted out of the depression. During the war, full employment was reached, and there was not much on which to spend money. After the war, the US was in better physical shape than any other nation on Earth. All other industrialized nations had been bombed and attacked extensively, but the US was left virtually untouched. As a world power, the US was forever changed. Never again would America play the role of the neutral nation. Emerging as the only nation with the power of the atom gave the US the leading role as a super power nation. From the end of the war until now and into theShow MoreRelatedWorld War Ii and America944 Words   |  4 PagesThe world’s greatest war, World War II began in 1939 and lasted for almost six years. It was between two military alliances. On the axis powers were Japan, Germany and the Kingdom of Italy. While the allies were lead by United Kingdom, China, Soviet Union and The United States of America. America was not directly involved in the war in the early stages. The necessity increased after the fall of France, the Pearl Harbor incident but mainly when Hitler declared war on U.S. This led to America’s directRead MoreEffects Of World War II On America1078 Words   |  5 PagesZikra Imtiaz Govt. 2305 11/29/2016 Effects of World War II Americans have been wondering whether President Truman should’ve ordered the usage of weapons which was against Japan back in August 1945. The World War II which involved almost every part of the world. This decision had the citizens thinking every year that passes by as if the President had made wrong decision. This horrible event had the citizens in doubt. The results were not good for the Japanese civilians. Because the of the atomicRead MoreAmerica s World War II870 Words   |  4 PagesThere is no doubt that America’s World War II is a rich source of literature and a theme for many writers. As result, they wrote many works about war literature, such as novels, poetry, plays, diaries, and personal narrative. 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Roosevelt delivered his speech, devoted to the beginning of World War II and declared that his country wouldRead MoreThe Best War Ever : America And World War II1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn his book The Best War Ever: America and World War II, Michael Adams tries to dissolve the many misconceptions of World War II. As the title of the book implies, The United States left the war with a great optimistic view of the these â€Å"glorious† five years. The United States as a population had been tricked into believing in the, at times, fabricated conditions of its history that had been presented to people as some beautiful stories and myths where nations are viewed as being first-r ate in unionRead MoreAmerica s Entrance Into World War II833 Words   |  4 Pages Why We Fight: Since World War II, the United States has been almost repetitively involved in combat, active members in a string of wars fought completely on foreign shores. 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Exploring The Indian Refinery Industry Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(35) " oil watercourse from distillment\." Energy is being an of import gas pedal for the growing of economic system and in the present scenario oil and natural gas are the chief beginnings of energy. India has got limited beginnings of oil and natural gas, so India has to be dependent on Arabian and African Countries, rich in oil and natural gas militias, for supply of the energy. Indian industry is at present transforming, turning at around 14 % per annum which is non sufficient to prolong the increasing demand for energy. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring The Indian Refinery Industry Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In India, over the last two decennaries, The Refining Industry has witnessed enormous growing. This industry celebrates the centennial of the Refinery at Digboi ( one of the oldest refineries ) , the growing in the industry is accompanied by the tremendous development in the autochthonal capablenesss to engineer, apparatus and design mega refinery undertakings. A major designation for growing in Research activities by the refineries and national research labs have been recorded, with the consequence that activities that were traditionally regarded as being in the sphere of Accredited engineering, are being smartly pursued and cost effectual solutions to the industry ‘s demands are being provided based on autochthonal cognize how. In the 2nd half of the Last Decade, the industry has witnessed a sea alteration. Refineries ab initio were fundamentally Hydro planing refineries, the refineries set up by MNC ‘s integrated secondary processing besides. Production of Lubes was besides incorporated in some of the subsequent refineries. In the early 1980 ‘s, in a large manner secondary processing in the signifier of Fluidized Catalytic Cracking was adopted, when speedy sequence of six such units were in set up. This lead to the rule of Hydro checking in the late 1980 ‘s and early 1990 ‘s as the demand for production of more and more in-between distillations decided the pick of processing options. The three new FCC units were set up with the ability to co procedure residue along with VGO. The demand to guarantee quality of the merchandises conforming to specific rigorous specifications, related to environment and public presentation lead to the development of Hydro treating procedure and a figure of undertakings to better the quality of Diesel have either been implemented or are under execution. Increased profitableness and better quality of merchandises has led to a figure of refineries being taking up surveies to analyze their existing constellations and suggest options for the optimisation of rough oil mix and the processing constellation. Coevals of power or integrating with petrochemicals production is farther adding value to the refinery operations and these are being reviewed really earnestly. All this has led to the transmutation of the Indian refineries and the procedure of alteration still continues and the demands of conservationists going more rigorous, the constellations will go on to germinate. The factors driving the alterations in the refinement scenario are a combination of: aˆ? Minimization of residues aˆ? Maximization of value added merchandises aˆ? Improved merchandise quality aˆ? Maximum use of bing assets aˆ? Environmental judicial admissions Refineries in India are already major exporters of petro merchandises. India is mostly importing the rancid assortment of petroleum from Arab because the overall basket is much cheaper than Brent petroleums. Environmental criterions in India are besides allowing higher sulfur content in gasoline and Diesel. 2.0 OIL A ; GAS SECTOR REFORMS Refinery sector was delicensed in 1998 New Exploration Licensing Policy ( NELP ) announced by Govt. in 1999. Administered Pricing Mechanism ( APM ) was dismantled from April 2002. Selling of conveyance fuels like Petrol, Diesel A ; Aviation Fuel is a permitted topic to run into minimal investing of about US $ 0.44 billion in oil and gas sector. 100 % FDI is permitted in Exploration, Refining, Pipelines for both crude oil merchandises A ; gas and Selling. Planing Commission study on Integrated Energy Policy in August 2006 Oil and gas is expected to be the cardinal drivers of the energy ingestion growing. Faster geographic expedition of full domestic sedimentary basins to augment domestic handiness of oil and gas Improvement in oil and gas recovery degrees Acquisition of equity oil and gas abroad Exploitation of alternate fuel beginnings such as CBM, Gas Hydrates, Hydrogen fuel cell and blending of bio-fuels Care of strategic militias in oil and crude oil In the last few old ages, the Indian refinery sector has witnessed uninterrupted capacity add-ons India: Refining Capacity Get downing with the 2003 to 2009, there is immense capacity add-on in the private sector refineries i.e. from27 mmtpa in 2003 to 72.5 mmtpa in 2009, demoing 168 % addition in the capacity add-on, and a just sum of capacity add-on in the populace sector refineries get downing from 89.9 mmtpa n 2003 to stagnancy in the back-to-back two old ages 2004 and 2005 and smaller balls of add-on in the farther old ages, in 2006 entire private sector refinery capacity amounted to 99.4 mmtpa and in 2007 and 2009 105.5 mmtpa. Harmonizing to the XIth twelvemonth program the capacity add-on in the 2012 is targeted to be 235 mmtpa representing 76 mmtpa from private refineries and 159 mmtpa from public refineries, and 302 mmtpa targeted in 2013, with metameric capacities as 202 mmtpa from public refineries and 100 mmtpa from private refineries. 3.0 REFINERY PRODUCTION PROCESS Refinery Production Processes Refineries typically consist of a figure of parallel and consecutive procedures used to transform rough oil into a scope of concluding merchandises such as gasolene, Diesel, and asphalt. Modern refineries range from the simple to the really complex, though the tendency is towards increased complexness as the demands for higher-quality concluding merchandises addition. In all refineries, including smaller simple refineries, rough oil is foremost distilled into its basic constituents ; these component watercourses are sent for farther transition in the more complex refineries. The most of import distillment procedures are the rough distillment, and vacuity distillment. Secondary transition processes by and large use thermal or catalytic procedures to farther change over the oil watercourse from distillment. You read "Exploring The Indian Refinery Industry Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Among the most of import is the catalytic reformist, where the heavy naph tha, produced in the rough distillment unit, is converted to gasolene ; the fluid catalytic cracker ( FCC ) where the gas oil from the vacuity distillment unit is converted ; and the hydrocrackers, which is used to â€Å" check † the molecules of heavy oil watercourses into lighter merchandises such as gas oil. Refineries by and large include process units such as hydro-treaters or hydro-de-sulfurizers to handle merchandises to better their quality. Ancillary units back uping the chief procedure units include rough desalters ( anterior to distillment ) , hydrogen production, non-energy merchandise units ( asphalt, lubricators ) and public-service corporations ( power and steam ) . Flowchart of a Typical Complex Refinery Beginning: Worrell and Galitsky, forthcoming. 3.1 Procedure Cracking Treatment Reforming Hydro-treating Polishing Alkylation 3.1.1 Crack: Cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick, bullet-shaped reactors A ; web of furnaces, heat money changers A ; other vass. Procedure uses heat A ; force per unit area to â€Å" check † heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter 1s. Fluid catalytic snap Unit ( FCCU ) A or â€Å" cat snap † It ‘s the basic gasoline-making procedure. FCCU converts most comparatively heavy fractions into smaller gasolene molecules utilizing intense heat ( 1,000 deg F ) , low force per unit area A ; powdered accelerator for speed uping chemical reactions. Hydro snap: A Procedure applies checking rules utilizing different accelerator, somewhat lower temperatures, much greater force per unit area A ; H for obtaining chemical reactions. Not all refineries employ hydro snap. Cost-effectively converts medium- to heavyweight gas oils into high-value watercourses Catalytic Crack: Very of import procedure in modern refinement. Procedure allows transition of stuff that would usually be burned as fuel ( vacuity gas oil ) into gasolene and distillation ( heating oil A ; diesel fuel ) . Price difference between residuary fuel oil A ; gasolene justifies CRU. Typically this procedure yields 50-60 % gasolene, 20-30 % distillation A ; 30 % butanes 3.1.2 3.1.3 REFORMING: Catalytic Reforming It uses heat, moderate force per unit area A ; accelerators to turn naphtha ( light, comparatively low-value fraction ) into high-octane gasolene constituents. 3.1.4 HYDRO-TREATING: It ‘s a Purifying procedure for sulfur remotion by responding crude oil fraction with H ( which is obtained from CRU or separate H works ) . 3.1.5 Refining: Fine-tuning A ; otherwise bettering merchandises to run into specifications by uniting assortment of watercourses from treating units. Example, in order to do gasolene, refiner would blend naphtha, reformate, catalytic gasolene, alkylate A ; butane so that mixture has required octane figure, vapor force per unit area, sulfur degree A ; aromatics content. Unit of measurements for public presentation additives A ; dyes to separate assorted classs of fuel. 3.1.6 ALKYLATION: Iso-butane ( gaseous by-products of checking ) is reacted with either isobutylene or propene to organize complex paraffinA isomers. Chemical reactions take topographic point in presence of hydrofluoric or sulphuric acid accelerators. By combing these molecules octane degree of paraffin isomer or alkylate is increased to around 93-96 octane. Refiners use this procedure to better octane degree of gasolene pool. The liquid signifier of mixture of hydrocarbons is known as Crude oil, dwelling of six parts of C and one portion of H as chemical compounds, carring little sums of sulfur, metals, salts, O and N. The organic compounds which are accumulated under the sea and trapped in sedimentary stones constitute to their formation. These stones are the topographic points where petroleum oil geographic expedition is concentrated. The oil is under force per unit area and if a pipe is pushed into the rig trap, oil flushs out smartly. With the extraction, the force per unit area is diminished, is so unnaturally reinforced by the injection of air or H2O into the reservoir to keep the force per unit area of the rig and force the oil up to the surface. Crude oil constituting of hydrocarbons that are holding variable boiling points so can be sepaprated through the procedure of refinement. â€Å" Refining is a procedure in which rough oil is heated in a vacuity until it evaporates and so allowed to lift up a column. Hydrocarbons liquefy at different temperatures and therefore can be collected at different highs in the distillment column. † Merchandises, with their approximate boiling points are: Petroleum gas ( lt ; 90 °C ) Naphtha ( 200-350 °C ) ( it is used to do the additives for high-octane based gasoline, and polymeric plastics and carbamide ) Petrol ( 90-200 °C ) ( used to fuel internal burning engines, chiefly vehicular. ) Kerosene ( 350-450 °C ) ( used as an illuminant and cooking fuel in India and other hapless states, and as a infinite heating fuel in industrial states. ) Diesel ( 200 °C ) High velocity Diesel ( It is largely used in diesel-powered vehicles ) Light Diesel ( It is used in diesel engines running at lower velocity chiefly irrigation pumps and coevals sets ) Lubricant ( 650-1000 °C ) ( consists of lubricating oils and syrupy oils used to lubricate traveling parts in industry, cars, railroad engines and passenger cars and marine engines. Furnace oil ( gt ; 1000 °C ) ( made by thining residuary fuel oil from polishing with in-between distillations such as diesel oil. It is used in boilers, sand traps, furnaces and warmers. LSHS – Low sulfur heavy stock is variant for furnace oil. ) Solid crude oil coke collected at the underside after the liquid fractions are removed. Which are largely used as fuel, but is besides used to do electrodes and dry cell batteries. The proportion of aggregation of these merchandises may change from rough assortment to crude assortment, which are classified as Sweet or sour. 3.2 REFINERY ECONOMICS The refinery economic sciences can be divided into no. of parts such as: Crude slates Refinery constellation Merchandise slates Capacity use Environmental judicial admissions 3.2.1 CRUDE Slates: Crude oils have different outputs depending on natural qualities ( denseness measured as API gravitation A ; sulphur content ) Low API gravitation implies Heavy petroleum oil Typically higher sulfur content makes crude rancid Outputs of automotive fuels with lower octane A ; Cetane values doing engine knocking A ; higher emanations Larger output of lower-valued merchandises, like FO ( available at price reduction to crude oil ) Higher investings in secondary processing installations to better outputs to fit merchandise specifications Lower on Refiners penchant A ; hence price reduction to sweet petroleum High API gravitation sweet petroleum is on diminution A ; commands premium over rancid petroleums. Costss A ; payback periods for refinery treating units must be weighed against awaited rough oil costs A ; projected derived function between visible radiation and heavy petroleum oil monetary values. Crude mix processed by Indian refineries ( PSU ) 52 % high sulfur and 48 % low sulfur petroleum. GRMs ‘ of Indian refineries ( PSU ) soon around USD 6-7/ Bbl while that of private refineries around US $ 10 per barrel 3.2.2 REFINERY CONFIGRATIONS: Refiner ‘s pick of petroleum oil is influenced by the type of refinery processing units- Exceeding works ( dwelling of ) CDU A ; likely Catalytic Reformer to supply octane Outputs from this works closely reflect natural outputs from petroleum processed Typically merely condensates or light sweet petroleum is processed at this type of installation unless markets for heavy fuel oil ( HFO ) are readily A ; economically available Asphalt workss are exceeding refineries that run heavy petroleum oil because lone involvement is in bring forthing asphalt/ bitumen Cracking refinery Takes gas oil part from CDU ( a watercourse heavier than Diesel fuel, but lighter than HFO ) A ; breaks it down further into gasolene A ; distillate constituents utilizing accelerators, high temperature/ force per unit area Coking refinery Procedures residuary fuel, heaviest stuff from CDU A ; thermally cracks it into lighter merchandises in Coker or Hydrocracker Addition of FCCU or hydro cracker significantly increases output of higher-valued merchandises, like gasolene A ; diesel oil, leting processing of cheaper, heavier petroleum while bring forthing an equivalent or greater volume of high-valued merchandises Refineries holding big hydro-treating capableness have ability to treat rough oil with higher sulfur content. 3.2.3 PRODUCT Slate: Refinery constellation is influenced by merchandise demand in each part. US demand for gasolene is much larger than distillate demand A ; therefore refineries configured to maximise gasolene production Gasoline gross revenues account about 50 % of demand while distillate gross revenues account less than 30 % of merchandise demand US refineries are configured to treat big per centum of heavy, high sulfur petroleum, produce more of gasolene A ; lower of HFO US refineries have invested in more complex refinery constellations, which allow usage of cheaper feedstock A ; higher processing capableness Indian Refineries merchandise slate ( wt % on petroleum ) norms Light A ; Middle distillates to heavy terminals ratio of 73:27 with maximal portion of Diesel oil. 3.2.4 CAPACITY UTILIZATION: Critical constituent of refinement economic sciences is capacity use rate, or how expeditiously the refinement composite is runing in order to retrieve its fixed costs. Spare capacity consequences in increased competition among refiners, which farther eroded refinement borders. Use rate of about 95 % is considered optimal as it allows for normal unopen downs required for care A ; seasonal accommodations. Refinery capacity is based on designed size of CDU ( frequently referred to as nameplate capacity ) Occasionally, through ascents or de-bottlenecking processs, refineries can treat more petroleum than nameplate capacity for short periods of clip. 4.0 Refining CHALLENGE Crude Sourcing/Oil Security Potential of Crude available is rather less from bing Fieldss in Middle East, Africa and South American states to back up polishing capacity enlargement and sustain capacity use. To increase the potency of handiness of petroleum certain attempts have been made which are: – Attractive New Exploration Licensing Policy ( NELP ) aˆ? 206 oil A ; gas geographic expedition blocks awarded in 7 unit of ammunitions aˆ? 68 major finds reported aˆ? Investment committednesss of the order of $ 10 billion aˆ? Huge Unexplored land area aˆ? World ‘s biggest deep H2O gas find made in 2002 ( K-G Basin ) – India Hydrocarbon Vision – 2025 aˆ? 100 % geographic expedition coverage of all sedimentary basins by 2025 aˆ? Internationally competitory financial footings aˆ? Alternate beginnings: CBM and Gas Hydrates Oil Security: Strategic Storage The oil security is the up step of Storage A ; Supply Infrastructure. And for this certain things have been taken into history: – Integrated Energy Policy recommended 90 yearss storage of oil imports – Present storage coverage is 74 yearss and will cut down to 63 yearss with addition in the oil imports – Storage capacity augmentation actions have been taken to heighten the entire storage capacity to 78 yearss. – Planned capacity add-on: 8.62 MMT aˆ? 5.33 MMT by ISPRL at Vizag, Mangalore and Padur aˆ? 3.29 MMT at other locations – Strategic storage to supply addl. 12 yearss screen Refinery Configuration/ Complexity Changing the Feed stocks would diminish the input costof the refineries by: aˆ?Changing the Quality – 0API / Sulfur / Acidity aˆ? Widening of petroleum basket aˆ? Compulsion to co-process feed-stocks of Bio-origin Following Product Mix Improvement aˆ? Turning demand with rigorous merchandise eyeglasses. aˆ? Switching the regional demand aˆ? Large figure of classs aˆ? Upgradation of low value/surplus merchandises – Naphtha to Petrochemicals – Black Oil to Distillates – Pet Coke to Petrochemicals Energy Efficiency Improvement aˆ? Energy efficiency can be betterment by usage of – Energy efficient technologies/designs – Energy efficient equipments – Best operation and care patterns aˆ? GHG emanation decrease through energy efficiency betterment aˆ? Close monitoring and timely actions bridge the spread in specific energy ingestion to fit with the planetary best aˆ? Tools applied are: Pinch Technology, Hydrogen Management, Waste Heat Recovery, Steam Power balance ( CogenerationCycle ) aˆ? Increased use of gas in topographic point of conventional liquid fuel 5.0 Demand FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS The demand of crude oil merchandises is related to the energy demand of the state, it is a map of degree of activity measured as GDP. India is soon traveling through the major industrial and economic reforms for the intent of incorporating the Indian economic system with the planetary economic system. The major countries of focal point has been identified as hydrocarbons. Policy alterations are planned for the sector to do the industry globally competitory. The reforms bundle are formed and expected to hold high economic growing in the sector, the demand of crude oil based merchandises is expected to turn at a rate of about 7 % . Wide spreads between merchandise demand and autochthonal petroleum handiness Widening spread between merchandise demand and rough production from autochthonal beginnings leads to heavy dependance on Imports. Oil Equity abroad and fresh discoveries under New Exploration A ; Licensing Policy are assisting to bridge the spread between demand and autochthonal production. There is a demand for immense investings in refinement, grapevines A ; Marketing substructure 5.1 India: PRODUCT DEMAND amp ; REFINING CAPACITY Harmonizing to the informations provided IOCL: Excess refinement capacity is expected to increase farther by 2030 India will go on to be merchandise excess Import/Export demand for crude/products to be rather significant 6.0 Opportunity The creative activity of extra refinement capacity of about 110 million tones per annum, an investing of about US $ 22 billion will be required, in the close hereafter. With such a phenomenal growing in the sector, so, ample chances and Scopess are at that place for transportation of the engineerings. The engineerings are required for the upgradation of the bottom barrel and run intoing the predominant demands of in-between distillations and bettering the quality of merchandises that make them environment-friendly and globally competitory. New refineries are located at the seashores while the major Centres, which are for the demand of crude oil merchandises are present in the inland topographic points, largely in North/North-West parts. Therefore, the chances for edifice inland refineries in the state are bing. In the field of petro-chemicals forward integrating is besides allowed for the refineries, which are for the merchandises which are better value-addition and environmental friendly, that will open another country for the investings to happen. India holding a strong committedness to prosecute an energy policy and the environmental factors would be taken into consideration. State is following more environmental friendly steps with respects to the use and the quality of fuels. Decrease of lead and benzine in gasolene, decrease of sulfur and betterment of cetane in Diesel are the major steps that are under execution. Such a quality of upgradation of fuels will necessitate the acceptance of latest engineering, which are bound to incure immense investings of around $ 2500 million. India ‘s advantages India holding a immense modesty of trained and extremely skilled work force at a much lower cost as compared to some of the advanced states. Further, a big population base exists and really low per capita ingestion of crude oil merchandises is predominating, India is one of the fast emerging markets. The state has acquired tremendous experience in the field of installing and efficient operation of crude oil refineries from the past 35 old ages. Therefore, the operating cost will be lower as compared to other states and the value-addition in Indian refineries is of a really high order and that the puting up of refineries in India for the domestic market every bit good as for exports would be economically attractive. India as an international refinement finish and emerging Asian refinement hub India is poised to be ‘Asian Refining Hub ‘ due to built-in advantages in its economic system, geographic location, altering demographics, locality to high demand Centre of South East Asia and assorted other factors. India has been frontward looking in its thought and the full growing of Indian Refining Sector can be summed up in four distinguishable stages, namelyA A Early stage A A A A ( 1947 – 1969 ) , Development PhaseA A A ( 1970 – 1990 ) , Economic Liberalisation PhaseA ( 1991 – 2005 ) Mega Refining Hub Phase A ( 2006 onwards ) India is steadily emerging as an international finish for oil refinement with investing demands lesser by 25 % – 50 % as compared to its Asiatic opposite numbers. As per the analysis carried out by Deutsche Bank, India is expected to heighten its refinement competency by 45 % in the following 5 old ages. Bing the fifth biggest worldwide state in context of distillment capacity, India enjoys 3 % of the international capacity portion. To travel in front in doing its presence felt strongly in the planetary market, Indian crude oil houses are be aftering to raise their distillment capacity from the bing 149 mtpa to 243 mtpa by FY 2011-12. Cost fight Cost fight driven by lower fabrication rewards Low capital and hard currency operating costs Entree to big, technically skilled fabrication base and work force Autochthonal procurance Beginning: A T Kearney Strategic location for petroleum sourcing and merchandise export Advantage of Economies of graduated table in big scale undertakings, along with experient and competitory building companies. The Autochthonal procurance sets a platform for cost effectual direction. Readily available accomplishment set for puting up and runing refineries with favorite substructure State of the art engineering being adopted for puting up and upgrading refineries with petroleum processing flexibleness and optimized merchandise slate and quality. Tax holidays/SEZs/PCPIRs offer first-class financial government. The Large domestic market every bit good as turning petrochemical industry has offered the following cardinal growing: Soon over 34,500 Retail Mercantile establishments ( IOC over 17,000 ) Crude grapevine – 3987 Km ( 34.5 MMTPA ) , merchandise grapevine 9454Km ( 55.09 MMTPA ) Politician installations at 14 ports locations: 39 positions, 2 flatboat breakwaters, 8 SPMs Increasing figure of participants in spread outing downstream sector Robust refinement borders Lowest capex/opex Downstream regulator in topographic point Low per capita oil ingestion at 111 kgoe How to cite Exploring The Indian Refinery Industry Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Information Technology in the Tourism-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the use of Information Technology in the Tourism and Hospitality Industries. Answer: Introduction It is mandatory for tourism and hospitality industries to adopt new technologies to compete favorably with business rivals. The companies must design new distribution models to cope up with environmental changes. A sustainable information management system should ensure coordination of Information Technology, processes and managing information. Reports have it that in tourism and hospitality industries, information technology applies in three ways; guest services, management information and operational areas (Benckendorf, 2014). Application of Information Technology has given rise to new services including; interactive video texts and online brochures. The major impact of technology in the tourism and hospitality industries is in the distribution and marketing sectors. However, less attention is paid to areas that are human-intensive such as supplier-consumer and guest-host relationships. The main types of technologies applied in the tourism and hospitality industries include; mobile communication, the internet, computer and reservation systems. With advancement in technology, the tourism and hospitality companies can communicate with travelers through devices such as mobile phones and tablets. Different companies may opt for different forms of communications for example email, GPS tagging or text messages. According to Zeng (2014), through the internet, travelers are able to have a reconnaissance by visiting the companies websites where photos of location are availed which gives them of a clue of their plan destination. Computer systems are used by tourism and hospitality companies to connect their branches and allow easier communication between staff and customers. Through computer systems, the company can gather information about guest preferences and experience. The reservation systems which are mainly booking engines enable the travelers to make a price comparison and also reservations. Some of the available booking engines within the industry that are online include the Expedia and Orbitz. Neuhofer (2014) eludes that through booking engines, tourism and hospitality companies incur low costs by regulating their purchasing processes and call volume. A significant transformation in the tourism and travel industries is evident with improvement in information technology which incorporates sustainable offline and online services. Through Information Technology, some travel companies use e-commerce websites to help travelers in accessing information about the available reservation systems. According to Law (2014), the clients can choose their travel destination since the information available is of high quality and diversity. Mobile technologies have also been applied in the travel industries for access and booking of various options in travel is made easier for the clients using their mobile devices like tablets. In a nutshell, the synergy between the travel industry and information technology is necessary since the specific travel destination of a client is achieved and also travel services solution. Leung (2013) denotes that the purchase decision of customers intending to buy tourism commodities is determined by the nature of the companys website. To gain customers preference, the website must be easier to access. A successful website can be developed by first having a clear understanding of various perceptions by the customers. A comparison study showed that international tourists are more sophisticated than domestic tourists in their choice on what products to purchase (Xiang, 2015). The customers perception is based on; house-keeping, room-size, and front-desk services. A similar study showed that customers from China were more likely to rely on electronic word-of-mouth rather than hotel branding in online reservations. Modern advancements in Information Technology have made the internet preferable for tourists to research and plan for their travel. Take for instance the IPK which is an internet travel monitor based in Europe. A survey conducted on this monitor system showed those two years after its development, 26 percent of people had started using it. However, 74 percent of the population did not access the internet monitor system. According to Xiang (2015), the major internet travel sites are; E-booking and E-travel by destination. A survey showed that Germany registered the highest number of internet travel-bookings. France and Spain are the leading countries in E-travel concerning market share. On the other hand, USA leads in E-travel concerning destinations. Zeng (2014) asserts that online information search ranking is influenced by the foll owing factors; demographic, contextual and psychological. It is also crucial to consider the type of source information available for the tourist. The extent of available information is also a factor to consider. Conclusion In this paper, the efficacy of Information Technology in the tourism and hospitality industries is evident. Websites designed by companies help in marketing themselves. It is important for managers to consider issues relating to Information Technology and incorporate Information Technology in line with the achievement of set goals and overall mission of the business. References Benckendorff, P. J., Sheldon. P.J.,Tesenmaier D.R. (2014) Tourism informationtechnology.Cabi. Law.R., Buhalis, D., Cobanoglu, C. (2014).Progress of information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism.International journals of Contemporary HospitalityManagement. Leung, D., Law. R., Van Hoof. 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